{"id":3266,"date":"2020-08-26T17:06:58","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T17:06:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/northwestern-fall-2020\/blacklife-copy\/"},"modified":"2025-10-01T18:37:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T18:37:01","slug":"patterns-black-settlement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/black-life\/patterns-black-settlement\/","title":{"rendered":"Patterns of Black Settlement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|0px|0px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Page Header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Exhibit Title&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;content&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; global_module=&#8221;6078&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50Ijoic2l0ZV90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMj4iLCJhZnRlciI6IjwvaDI+In19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Section Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;section-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Black Life in Antebellum Illinois<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Page Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;page-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; header_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Patterns of Black Settlement<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite the state\u2019s hostile policies, Black people migrated into Illinois and worked to make homes in their new surroundings. They concentrated in the southern and western regions of the state, closest to the slave states from which many had emigrated.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Heading and Instructions&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Illinois Free Black Settlement in 1850 and Enslaved U.S. Population<\/h3>\n<p><em>Use the buttons in the lower-left corner to control zoom and to view the map legend and layers. Click the three dots (&#8230;) to expand or contract the view of controls.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Map&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"440px\" title=\"1850 Black Population Free and Enslaved\" src=\"https:\/\/northwestern.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/webappviewer\/index.html?id=e749a2d7ba544b95b17f5c715a88870c\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>Interactive map showing patterns of free Black settlement in Illinois in 1850, and the enslaved Black population within the United States in the same year. Data: U.S. Census, IPUMS NHGIS.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early Black migrants often settled near the rivers that defined the state\u2019s borders: the Wabash to the east, the Ohio to the south, and the Mississippi to the west. At first, the state\u2019s largest concentration of African Americans was in far southeastern Gallatin County, near the salt mines of Shawneetown. Enslaved people labored in the salt mines, and until 1825, the mines\u2019 owners were exempt from the state\u2019s constitutional ban on slavery.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the state\u2019s Black population continued to grow, many migrants arrived from nearby slave states like Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and Virginia (including present-day West Virginia), though some came from as far away as the Carolinas.[3]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> At first they lived primarily in the state\u2019s southern third, sometimes called \u201cEgypt\u201d because of the name of its major town, Cairo, which stood at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.[4]<br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Southern Illinois became home to independent African American settlements such as Brooklyn, right across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, that became refuges for freedom-seekers from the slave states.[5]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\">Images of Black Illinois<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><em>The following cities represent places in Illinois with the highest concentrations of African American residents in the nineteenth century. Click through the tabs to see images of each city.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-29px|auto||auto||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_tabs _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;94px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;Jacksonville&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-3266 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2021\/08\/Illinois-Institution-for-the-Deaf-and-Dumb-Jacksonville-Illinois.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2021\/08\/Illinois-Institution-for-the-Deaf-and-Dumb-Jacksonville-Illinois-300x203.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4196\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-4196'>\n\t\t\t\tIllustration of the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, began in 1839. It was later renamed the Illinois School for the Deaf (ISD), and is still in operation today. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclingillinois.org\/items\/show\/15036\">Courtesy of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library &amp; Museum.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"191\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville-191x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-6508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_082_TrinityChurchJacksonville.jpg 329w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 191px) 100vw, 191px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-6508'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;The 1836 Trinity Church building features a single bell tower and several archted windows and doorways. Trinity Church, an Episcopal church, began in Jacksonville in 1832.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclingillinois.org\/items\/show\/26747\">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_081_GovYatesResidence.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_081_GovYatesResidence-300x205.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-6519\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-6519'>\n\t\t\t\tResidence of Ex Governor Richard Yates East State St. Jacksonville Ills. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclingillinois.org\/items\/show\/28671\">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;Quincy&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-3266 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_059_FifthandMaineQuincy-300x190.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6509\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6509'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;Fifth Street, looking North from Maine Street, as it appeared in 1858.  On the left is the East half of Washington Square where the Lincoln-Douglas Debate was held.  Columns on the right are part of the Court House.  Signs visible on the right include Comstock &amp; Co. Stoves, Cincinnati Store, and Wholesale &amp; Retail Groceries.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/qpl\/id\/1137\/rec\/86\">Quincy Public Library<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_060_NW4thandMaineQuincy-1850.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"244\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_060_NW4thandMaineQuincy-1850-300x244.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6510\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6510'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;Tillson &amp; Holmes Store and Post Office, northwest corner 4th &amp; Maine Street.&#8221;  Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/qpl\/id\/75\/rec\/129\">Quincy Public Library<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_085_SteamboatMississippi-300x213.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-6521\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-6521'>\n\t\t\t\tDocked boat, the St. Louis, along the Mississippi River, 1850-1864, in Quincy, Illinois. Source: <a href=\"Docked Boat Along Mississippi River, 1850-1864\">Quincy Public Library<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;Alton&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-3266 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-scaled.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_062_AltonRiver-1836-300x210.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6511\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6511'>\n\t\t\t\tA sketch of the view of the river in Alton, Illinois, 1836. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/p16614coll61\/id\/1096\/rec\/1\">Hayner Public Library District<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_063_PaintingAlton-1858-300x224.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6512\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6512'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;Old Alton Views &#8211; Alton,&#8221; a painting by J.M. Blair. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/p16614coll61\/id\/1116\/rec\/1\">Hayner Public Library District<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/hayner-alton-church-300x168.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-6522\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-6522'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;Union Baptist Church was founded in 1837 by former slaves and is one of the oldest African American churches in Illinois.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idaillinois.org\/digital\/collection\/p16614coll61\/id\/845\/rec\/4\">Hayner Public Library District<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;Springfield&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t#gallery-4 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-4 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-4 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-4 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-3266 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_067_SpringfieldSouthsideSquare-1858-300x215.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6513\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6513'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;A photograph of the south side of the public square in Springfield taken by photographer Preston Butler,&#8221; 1858. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/lincpubl.ent.sirsi.net\/client\/en_US\/public\/?rm=STREET+SCENES+1%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue\">Lincoln Library<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_068_SpringfieldNorthsideSquare-1858-300x181.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6514\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6514'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;A photograph of the north side of the public square in Springfield taken by photographer Preston Butler,&#8221; 1858. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/lincpubl.ent.sirsi.net\/client\/en_US\/public\/?rm=STREET+SCENES+1%7C%7C%7C1%7C%7C%7C0%7C%7C%7Ctrue\">Lincoln Library<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/iiif-service_gmd_gmd410_g4104_g4104s_pm001880-full-pct_12.5-0-default-300x193.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-4-6523\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-4-6523'>\n\t\t\t\tBird&#8217;s Eye View Map of Springfield, Illinois (1867). Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/73693374\/\">Library of Congress<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;Chicago&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style>\n\t\t\t#gallery-5 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-5 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-5 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-5 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-5' class='gallery galleryid-3266 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_142_Chicago-1860s.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_142_Chicago-1860s-300x292.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6515\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6515'>\n\t\t\t\tPhotographs of Randolph Street, East from Clark Street, by John Carbutt, 1865\u20131875. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getty.edu\/art\/collection\/objects\/70241\/john-carbutt-randolph-street-east-from-clark-chicago-american-1865-1875\/?dz=0.3025,0.3025,0.30\">J. Paul Getty Museum<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/birdseyechicago.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/birdseyechicago-300x180.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6524\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6524'>\n\t\t\t\tBird&#8217;s eye view of Chicago. &#8220;This large and magnificent lithograph of Chicago in 1857 by Christian Inger is based on a drawing by I.T. Palmatary and was published by Braunhold &amp; Sonne.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org\/pages\/10603.html\">Chicago History Museum<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\" src=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_078_LakeStreetRaise-1850s-300x177.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-5-6525\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-5-6525'>\n\t\t\t\t&#8220;Chicago&#8217;s swampy setting led to its literally raising itself out of the mud. Several buildings were not only lifted but also moved to different locations. In this view of Lake Street in 1857, the work goes on in the background, while the cosmopolitan Chicagoans on horseback, in carriages, or on foot seem to pay little mind.&#8221; Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org\/pages\/3292.html\">Chicago History Museum<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][\/et_pb_tabs][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto||auto|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 1840s and 1850s the state\u2019s Black population remained small, both relative to the white population and compared with the other northern border states of Indiana and Ohio. In 1850, the U.S. Census counted 5,436 Black people in Illinois, just 0.6% of the total. In comparison, the Black population of Indiana was more than twice as large, at 11,262, while in Ohio it was even larger, at 25,279. In both of those states, African Americans were about 1% of the population.[6]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While many Black Illinoisans were farmers living in rural areas, some gathered in cities and towns. In 1850, five towns had populations of one hundred or more African Americans: Springfield, Alton, Jacksonville, Quincy, and Chicago.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics alone, however, tell us little about the lives people led and the communities they constructed with family members, friends, and neighbors. Black Illinoisans built institutions, started families, and cultivated ties to the land, laying the foundation for a movement for racial justice. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto||auto|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Sources&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Sources<\/h4>\n<p>1. Charles R. Foy and Michael I. Bradley, \u201cThe African American Community in Brushy Fork, Illinois, 1818-1861,\u201d <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society <\/i>112, no. 2 (Summer, 2019), 130.<\/p>\n<p>2. Foy and Bradley, \u201cAfrican American Community in Brushy Fork,\u201d 131; Jacqueline Yvonne Blackmore, \u201cAfrican Americans and Race Relations in Gallatin County, Illinois from the Eighteenth Century to 1870\u201d (PhD diss., Northern Illinois University, 1996), 17.<\/p>\n<p>3. James Gregory, <i>America\u2019s Great Migrations Project<\/i>, accessed Aug. 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/moving1\/Illinois.shtml.[\/note\">https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/moving1\/Illinois.shtml<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>4. Foy and Bradley, \u201cAfrican American Community,\u201d 131.<\/p>\n<p>5. Cheryl Janifer LaRoche, <i>Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance <\/i>(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 21-56.<\/p>\n<p>6. J. D. B. DeBow, <i>Statistical View of the United States, <\/i>4 (Washington: B. Tucker, 1854), 63, accessed Aug. 24, 2021,<a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/m\/moa\/AJB5449.0001.001\/63?rgn=full+text;view=image\"> https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/m\/moa\/AJB5449.0001.001\/63?rgn=full+text;view=image<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Credits&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Credits<\/h4>\n<p>Written by Emiliano Aguilar; assistance with graphics and layout by Mikala Stokes. Edited by Kate Masur.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Black Life in Antebellum IllinoisPatterns of Black SettlementDespite the state\u2019s hostile policies, Black people migrated into Illinois and worked to make homes in their new surroundings. They concentrated in the southern and western regions of the state, closest to the slave states from which many had emigrated.[1]Illinois Free Black Settlement in 1850 and Enslaved U.S. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":6829,"parent":4216,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3266","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Patterns of Black Settlement - Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/black-life\/patterns-black-settlement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Patterns of Black Settlement - Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Black Life in Antebellum IllinoisPatterns of Black SettlementDespite the state\u2019s hostile policies, Black people migrated into Illinois and worked to make homes in their new surroundings. They concentrated in the southern and western regions of the state, closest to the slave states from which many had emigrated.[1]Illinois Free Black Settlement in 1850 and Enslaved U.S. [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/black-life\/patterns-black-settlement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-01T18:37:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/banner_exhibit_pre-civil-war-illinois2.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\\\/black-illinois-organizing\\\/black-life\\\/patterns-black-settlement\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\\\/black-illinois-organizing\\\/black-life\\\/patterns-black-settlement\\\/\",\"name\":\"Patterns of Black Settlement - 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