{"id":3770,"date":"2021-06-22T15:40:24","date_gmt":"2021-06-22T15:40:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/northwestern-fall-2020\/?page_id=3770"},"modified":"2025-10-01T18:59:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T18:59:01","slug":"establishing-schools","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/foundations\/establishing-schools\/","title":{"rendered":"Establishing Schools"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Page Header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Exhibit Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;exhibit-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Section Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;section-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Foundations of Protest<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Page Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;page-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Establishing Schools<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"lipsum\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black residents of Illinois fought hard for schools for their children. Taxpayer-funded public schools were slow to get off the ground, and early state legislation made clear that white students would receive priority. In 1825, the legislature called for a property tax to fund schools that would be \u201cfree to every class of white citizens.\u201d Ten years later, the legislature required school funds to be divided among districts according to the number of <i>white <\/i>children under age twenty-one.[1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black communities responded in part by establishing independent schools. Black churches frequently doubled as schoolhouses. In 1848, for instance, African Americans in Jacksonville opened a school that provided lessons to seventeen students between the ages of six and twenty-six. By 1850 in Sangamon County, home to the state capital of Springfield, African Americans had organized a school, and a women\u2019s committee was soliciting donations from the white community.[2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Header and Instructions&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>African American Schools in Antebellum Illinois<\/h3>\n<p><em>Use left and right arrows to navigate, use scroll bar on the right side to read entire length of text.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Timeline&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" src='https:\/\/uploads.knightlab.com\/storymapjs\/e86eacc25cd48360efa87123a9a7bfc3\/schools-2\/index.html#?secret=JriQlSllqG' data-secret='JriQlSllqG' width='700' height='700' frameborder='0'><\/iframe>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"lipsum\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Wood River Association (WRA), an organization of Black Baptist churches, organized several schools. Thomas Johnson, the son of Wood River Baptist leader <a href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/delegates\/james-henry-johnson\/\">James Henry Johnson<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, initially taught children in the basement of a private home and then, beginning in 1855, in Salem Baptist Church near Alton. <a href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/delegates\/robert-jonathan-robinson\/\">Robert J. Robinson<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> taught a school for thirty-one students in Alton, beginning in 1858 when the city council, responding to Black demands, finally established a taxpayer-funded school for Black children. Robinson\u2019s school was in the basement of Union Baptist Church, which stood on a hill over the town.[3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The leadership of the WRA believed Illinois residents should do more to support the education of Black children. In 1852 the organization issued a public appeal to \u201cthe Generous People of our State.\u201d They requested donations of money, land, or other property to support independent Black schools and ensure that students who could not afford to pay tuition could attend school for free. Representing the WRA, Robinson traveled the state to promote this vision for the education of Black children who were mostly denied access to public schools.[4]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some areas, Black and white children did attend school together. An early public school in Alton, incorporated by the state government in 1821, was supposed to serve \u201cevery child of suitable age.\u201d In Jersey County, the Hamilton Primary School, established in 1840 by former slaveowner Silas Hamilton, was a Christian school and open to \u201call classes of people.\u201d Black and white children alike also attended the Wood School, built in 1859 in rural Wood Station.[5]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black Illinoisans worked hard to establish schools for their children. By the early 1850s, many were also <a href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/foundations\/petitioning-for-justice-in-public-education\/\">fighting for justice in school financing<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"lipsum\">Sources<\/h4>\n<div>\n<p>1. Paul Everett Belting, <i>The Development of the Free Public High School in Illinois to 1860 <\/i>(Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society Journal, 1919), 98; Robert McCaul, <i>The Black Struggle for Public Schooling in Nineteenth-Century Illinois<\/i> (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987), 10.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u201cExamination of the Colored School in Jacksonville, Illinois,\u201d <i>National Era <\/i>(Washington, DC), Sept. 14, 1848; <i>Illinois Daily Journal <\/i>(Springfield), June 14, 1850.<\/p>\n<p>3. \u201cThe Colored School, Mr. John Robinson, Teacher,\u201d <i>Alton Weekly Courier, <\/i>June 17, 1858; Madison County Historical Society, \u201cSchool Segregation in Nineteenth-Century Madison County,\u201d accessed Aug. 26, 2021,<a href=\"https:\/\/madcohistory.org\/online-exhibits\/black-history-in-madison-county-before-1900\/school-segregation-in-19th-century-madison-county\/\"> https:\/\/madcohistory.org\/online-exhibits\/black-history-in-madison-county-before-1900\/school-segregation-in-19th-century-madison-county\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>4. \u201dH.O.W. to Douglas,\u201d <i>Frederick Douglass\u2019 Paper, <\/i>May 13, 1853.<\/p>\n<p>5. N. Dwight Harris, <i>The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the Slavery Agitation in that State<\/i> (Chicago: A. C. McClurg &amp; Co., 1904), 230-31; \u201cSchool Segregation in Nineteenth-Century Madison County.\u201d<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Credits&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Credits<\/h4>\n<p>Written by Hope McCaffrey. Edited by Kate Masur.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding JusticeFoundations of ProtestEstablishing Schools Black residents of Illinois fought hard for schools for their children. Taxpayer-funded public schools were slow to get off the ground, and early state legislation made clear that white students would receive priority. In 1825, the legislature called for a property tax [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":6829,"parent":3247,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3770","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Establishing Schools - Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/foundations\/establishing-schools\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Establishing Schools - Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding JusticeFoundations of ProtestEstablishing Schools Black residents of Illinois fought hard for schools for their children. 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