{"id":3772,"date":"2021-06-22T15:42:37","date_gmt":"2021-06-22T15:42:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/northwestern-fall-2020\/?page_id=3772"},"modified":"2025-10-01T19:02:52","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T19:02:52","slug":"petitioning-for-justice-in-public-education","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/foundations\/petitioning-for-justice-in-public-education\/","title":{"rendered":"Petitioning for Justice in Public Education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Page Header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Exhibit Title&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.6&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;content&#8221; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221; border_color_bottom=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; global_module=&#8221;6078&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50Ijoic2l0ZV90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMj4iLCJhZnRlciI6IjwvaDI+In19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Section Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;section-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||5px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Foundations of Protest<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Page Title&#8221; module_id=&#8221;page-title&#8221; module_class=&#8221;page-header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Petitioning for Justice in Public Education<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"lipsum\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are not allowed to vote, how would you exercise your political voice and get public policies changed?\u00a0 In Illinois, only white men were allowed to vote.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black communities found other ways of making their voices heard in state politics. Sending petitions to the state legislature in Springfield could be effective. According to tradition, everyone &#8212; regardless of race, sex, or status &#8212; had a right to petition. Legislators were obliged at least to accept those petitions, and petitions could result in committee reports that led to real change.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 1853 and 1855, African Americans sent at least three school-related petitions to the Illinois legislature.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In January 1853, Presley L. Donegan (brother of <a href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/delegates\/spencer-donegan\/\">Spencer Donegan<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and his allies in Springfield requested that Black citizens be exempt from the school tax. Why should they pay into a public fund from which their children could not benefit? They could save their tax money and apply it to their private schools for Black children.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That same month, the Wood River Association requested that the state refund the money that African Americans had paid to the school fund. The state legislature seems to have ignored these petitions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two years later, Black and white residents of Madison County asked the legislature to appropriate school funds specifically for Black education.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The three petitions represented three different ways to organize and pay for schools for Black children. Together, they also reflected the importance of education to Black Illinoisans.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[1]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2021\/09\/CCP_027_WoodSchool-1898.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;CCP_027_WoodSchool-1898&#8243; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;315px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; src__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Students at Wood School in Foster Township, Illinois, circa 1898<br \/><\/strong>Photograph of the 1898 class of the integrated Wood School in Foster Township, Illinois. The one-room Wood School opened in 1859 and began teaching Black and white students. (Source: Courtesy of <a href=\"https:\/\/madcohistory.org\/online-exhibits\/black-history-in-madison-county-before-1900\/school-segregation-in-19th-century-madison-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madison County Historical Society<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2022\/02\/CCP_029_LincolnSchoolEdwardsville-1911.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;CCP_029_LincolnSchoolEdwardsville-1911&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lincoln School in Edwardsville, Illinois, circa 1911<br \/><\/strong>A photograph of the Lincoln School, a Black public school in Edwardsville, Illinois, in 1911. (Source: Courtesy of <a href=\"https:\/\/madison-historical.siue.edu\/archive\/items\/show\/2\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madison County Historical Society<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto||auto|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"lipsum\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1855, the state legislature finally changed course. In a law known as Section 84 (later Section 80), the government declared that it would return school taxes paid by Black residents so they could establish their own schools for Black children.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[2]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, Black Illinoisans faced many inequities in access to education. The state distributed public school funds in proportion to the number of white students in the district, not according to the amount the district paid in taxes. This meant that poorer white communities could benefit from contributions made by wealthier white communities. By contrast, Black children had to rely on the resources of their own communities, whose members faced disadvantages of poverty and discrimination.[3]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, the state continued to promise free education to white children only, casting Black children as marginal and non-citizens.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yet the new law was also a victory. Responding to pressure from African Americans, the Illinois government had finally acknowledged the injustice of collecting school taxes from Black residents but excluding them from the benefits of the public schools.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto||auto|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Sources&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"lipsum\">Sources<\/h4>\n<div>\n<p>1. Robert McCaul, <i>The Black Struggle for Public Schooling in Nineteenth-Century Illinois<\/i> (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987), 23-26.<\/p>\n<p>2. McCaul,<i> Black Struggle for Public Schooling<\/i>, 29-31.<\/p>\n<p>3. McCaul,<i> Black Struggle for Public Schooling<\/i>, 29-30.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Credits&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Credits<\/h4>\n<p>Written by Christina Melehy. Edited by Kate Masur.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Foundations of ProtestPetitioning for Justice in Public Education If you are not allowed to vote, how would you exercise your political voice and get public policies changed?\u00a0 In Illinois, only white men were allowed to vote.\u00a0 Black communities found other ways of making their voices heard in state politics. Sending petitions to the state legislature [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":6829,"parent":3247,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3772","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Petitioning for Justice in Public Education - Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/black-illinois-organizing\/foundations\/petitioning-for-justice-in-public-education\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Petitioning for Justice in Public Education - Black Organizing in Pre-Civil War Illinois: Creating Community, Demanding Justice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Foundations of ProtestPetitioning for Justice in Public Education If you are not allowed to vote, how would you exercise your political voice and get public policies changed?\u00a0 In Illinois, only white men were allowed to vote.\u00a0 Black communities found other ways of making their voices heard in state politics. 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