{"id":2203,"date":"2018-07-02T04:33:53","date_gmt":"2018-07-02T04:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/cagaincarceration\/?page_id=2203"},"modified":"2021-02-24T19:30:50","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T00:30:50","slug":"black-womanhood","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/carceral-states\/black-womanhood\/","title":{"rendered":"Assailing Black Womanhood"},"content":{"rendered":"

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THE COLORED CONVENTIONS AND THE CARCERAL STATES<\/h3>\n

ASSAILING BLACK WOMANHOOD: THE ROLE OF THE PRESS<\/h1>\n

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In seeking to understand the corrupt justice system that preyed on African American women and girls, it is important to take into account the role of the press in perpetuating demeaning images that swayed both public opinion and the courts. This section explores how multiple California newspapers covered African American women and girls charged<\/em>\u00a0with crimes in comparison to white women\u00a0found guilty<\/em>\u00a0of crimes. This section also includes brief profiles of Black women, whom the courts convicted with insufficient and\/or little evidence.<\/p>\n

Between 1898 and 1900, several criminal charges gripped readers in California. These women\u2014white and Black\u2014received contrasting coverage in newspapers. While Black women like\u00a0Laura Scott and Ethel Wilson<\/a>\u00a0received no sympathy from the press and instead had their images smeared and degraded, white women clearly enjoyed flattering descriptions and received a sympathetic voice. The slavery-era practice of vilifying Black women and upholding the virtues of white women is, indeed, very apparent in turn-of-the-century press. This section juxtaposes news articles to show how the press established the guilt of Black women even before trial and reinforced the innocence of white women even after conviction. The prominence of such articles created exclusionary notions of justice, which informed the decisions of jury members and judges.<\/p>\n

In 1899, petitions were mounting to have a white American woman, Florence Maybrick, released from prison in Britain. By that time, Maybrick had already spent ten years in prison for poisoning her English husband. In 1900, King Edward, under a lot of pressure from the American public, pardoned Maybrick. The widespread support and sympathy for Maybrick proved to be overwhelming, and she was eventually welcomed back to the U.S.<\/p>\n

In the same year, Maud Pierce, a Black woman and a divorced mother with three children, was charged with acting as an accessory to commit murder. Pierce supported her family by working as a cook. Two men implicated her in the murder of James Bellew. Both Will Warner and Emanuel Brown claimed that Pierce was the instigator and painted her as the mastermind. Similar to\u00a0Ethel Wilson<\/a>\u2019s case, the judges and jury relied on testimonies in convicting Maud.\u00a0 She was sentenced to 10 years in San Quentin State Prison for manslaughter, the maximum punishment for such crime.<\/p>\n

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“KING’S PARDON FOR MRS. MAYBRICK.\u00a0<\/span><\/a>DIRECT WIRE TO THE TIMES.”\u00a0Los Angeles Times<\/em> (1886-1922); Los Angeles, Calif.\u00a0[Los Angeles, Calif]11 Feb 1901: 2.<\/a><\/span><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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“MAUD PIERCE HELD.: RESULT OF THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF”\u00a0Los Angeles Times<\/em>\u00a0(1886-1922); Mar 2, 1897; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times pg. 11.<\/h6>\n

When it came to covering Black women\u2019s criminal trials, the same newspaper had a different approach, disparaging Black women\u2019s name and character. Pierce\u2019s name is not only insulted, but by giving her the nickname “Morphine Maud,” the newspaper implies that she is guilty\u2014that she has a propensity for using drugs to victimize people.<\/p>\n

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“LOS ANGELES TIMES, CAL., FEB. 25\u2014This afternoon a complaint was filled.”\u00a0San Francisco Call<\/em>, 27 April 1897.\u00a0California Digital Newspaper Collection.\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Another case involving a white woman caught the sympathy of the press and the public in 1899. Mattie C. H. Rich was charged with killing her husband in Juarez, Mexico. She fled to the United States only to be extradited back to Mexico where she was later on convicted. She was called the Mexican Maybrick. [2] The outpouring support for Rich and Maybrick are evident in numerous articles before and after conviction.<\/p>\n

In all three articles below, the\u00a0Los Angeles Herald<\/em>\u00a0showed concern for Mattie Rich\u2019s safety and health. More than once, the newspaper assures readers that Rich will be \u201ccared for.\u201d<\/p>\n

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“Mrs Rich Cared For.”\u00a0Los Angeles Herald.\u00a0<\/em>22 Jul. 1899; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Herald.<\/h6>\n
“Mrs. Rich’s Case.”\u00a0Los Angeles Herald<\/em>, 27 Jul 1899.\u00a0California Digital Newspaper Collection.\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n
“Mrs. Rich in Mexico.”\u00a0Los Angeles Herald<\/em>, 25 Jul 1899.\u00a0California Digital Newspaper Collection.\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n
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Even after Rich\u2019s conviction, the\u00a0Los Angeles Herald<\/em>\u00a0was quick to imply Rich\u2019s innocence by affirming her love for her murdered husband.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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“Mrs. Rich’s Case.”\u00a0Los Angeles Herald<\/em>, 27 Jan. 1899.\u00a0California Digital Newspaper Collection.\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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While Rich was described as a \u201csullen\u201d prisoner deserving of protection and \u201cspecial care,\u201d\u00a0Laura Scott<\/a>, an African American woman charged with petty larceny, was described as a kleptomaniac with a drinking problem.\u00a0Los Angeles Times<\/em>\u00a0establishes Scott\u2019s guilt even before trial.\u00a0 The obvious implication is that she must be imprisoned and expelled from the public sphere.<\/p>\n

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“Negress Bound Over.”\u00a0Los Angeles Times<\/em>\u00a0(1886-1922); Feb 22, 1897; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Los Angeles Times.<\/h6>\n

Upholding white womanhood necessitated the erosion of Black womanhood. As Hazel Carby argues, it was necessary to assert the virtues of white women and the immorality of Black women to \u201caffirm the superiority of white sensibilities\u201d and to disguise objective social relations during slavery. [3] Looking at newspaper coverage of women\u2019s criminal trials, it is clear that this practice persisted\u2014and continues to persist\u2014after slavery. Despite being born after Emancipation, African American women suffered at the hands of a legal system that relied on the logic of slavery. The next section looks at the lives of two Black women who lived in Los Angeles\u2014a place that Kelly Lytle Hernand\u00e9z aptly calls “City of Inmates<\/a>.”<\/p>\n

References<\/h3>\n

1. Judith Kelman. \u201cFrom Yellow Journalism to Yellowed Clippings.\u201d Seeking a Voice: Images of Race and Gender in the Nineteenth Century Press.<\/em> (West Lafayette: Purdue University, 2009), 281.<\/p>\n

2. \u201cA MEXICAN MAYBRICK The First Case Against New Extradition Treaty.\u201d\u00a0Los Angeles Herald<\/em>, Jun 22, 1899.\u00a0California Digital Newspaper Collection.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

3. Hazel Carby.\u00a0Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist.\u00a0<\/em>(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 28.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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THE COLORED CONVENTIONS AND THE CARCERAL STATES ASSAILING BLACK WOMANHOOD: THE ROLE OF THE PRESS In seeking to understand the corrupt justice system that preyed on African American women and girls, it is important to take into account the role of the press in perpetuating demeaning images that swayed both public opinion and the courts. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2763,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2203","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nAssailing Black Womanhood - The Colored Conventions and the Carceral States<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oldsite.coloredconventions.org\/carceral-states\/black-womanhood\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Assailing Black Womanhood - The Colored Conventions and the Carceral States\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"THE COLORED CONVENTIONS AND THE CARCERAL STATES ASSAILING BLACK WOMANHOOD: THE ROLE OF THE PRESS In seeking to understand the corrupt justice system that preyed on African American women and girls, it is important to take into account the role of the press in perpetuating demeaning images that swayed both public opinion and the courts. 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