Introduction
This exhibit takes as its focus the rituals of the conventions—the carefully crafted actions repeated by delegates and audience members again and again over years, and sometimes decades. By identifying moments throughout the conventions in which delegates, speakers, and audience members perform these actions, this exhibit traces the rituals—or conventions—of the conventions. It examines convention rituals across decades, both before and after the Civil War, in order to establish how aspects changed over time and how political ritual became an established tradition. This exhibit shows how the Colored Conventions are a performance of political citizenship. At a time when Blacks were so often denied political inclusion, much less leadership, these acts of embodied rhetoric, oratory and debate are practices of rhetorical art and political resistance. Black women were always active participants in political ritual and performed a wide variety of roles at the conventions even though their roles have been largely ignored in the past. This exhibit also seeks to emphasize women’s roles in the conventions so they can regain their necessary place as engaged political activists in their own right.
Figure 1. A word cloud created using the text of Erica Ball's forthcoming article, "Performing Politics, Creating Community: Antebellum Black Conventions as Political Rituals."
Specialists in African American history have long recognized the state and national Colored Convention proceedings of the antebellum era to be documents of extraordinary political importance. As early as 1969, in the introduction to his collection of The Minutes of the Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830-1864, historian Howard Holman Bell declared that antebellum black conventions must be understood as “the first ‘national association for the advancement of colored people’”[1]. Roughly one decade later, in the introduction to their collection of the Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840-1865, Philip S. Foner and George E. Walker wrote that “for keen analyses of the issues outlined and for breadth of research and argument,” the proceedings offer examples of the most “outstanding political documents of the period”[2]. And in recent decades, scholars have irrefutably demonstrated that the antebellum state and national Black conventions were essential for the development of African American political consciousness.
Although the tradition of Colored Conventions has largely been ignored in scholarship on the nineteenth century, much of the scholarship that acknolwedges the conventions reads the minutes solely for their insight into the recurring themes and shifting political stances that defined Black protest thought in the period. Often, this scholarship traces, for example, debates over whether to prioritize emigration outside the United States or to remain in the U.S., or to pursue interracial coalitions or promote racial separatism, for example. More recently, scholars have turned to antebellum state and national convention proceedings to gain insight into the factors shaping the emergence of a free Black leadership class, the expansion of African American print culture, and the growth of Black women’s public activism [3].
Use the right-hand menu bar to navigate exhibit pages. The exhibit includes:
- Women’s Roles: An examination of the various roles women were recognized for holding in or at the conventions, particularly those of fundraiser, audience member, orator, and delegate.
Credits and Citations
Curated and Written by Carolyne King, PhD Candidate in English at the University of Delaware, and Erica L. Ball, Professor of American Studies at California State University, Fullerton. Created for Dr. P. Gabrielle Foreman's History/English 641 class, Spring, 2016.
Edited by P. Gabrielle Foreman and Sarah Patterson.
The Colored Conventions Project proudly partners with national and local teaching partners and student contributors to bring the buried history of nineteenth-century Black political organizing to digital life.
Special thanks to Gale®, part of Cengage Learning, and Accessible Archives, for granting permission to host digital images of newspapers in their databases.
References
[1] Howard Holman Bell, ed., Minutes of the Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions 1830-1864 (NY: Arno Press, 1969), i.
[2] Philip S. Foner and George E. Walker, eds. Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840-1865. 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979-80), xvi
[3] For analysis of the ways these debates played out in conventions see: Bella Gross. Clarion Call: The History and Development of the Negro People’s Convention Movement in the United States from 1817-1840 (NY: 1947); Howard Holman Bell, Survey of the National Negro Convention Movement (NY: Arno Press, 1969); Julie Winch, Philadelphia’s Black Elite: Activism, Accommodation and the Struggle for Equality, 1787-1848 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); C. Peter Ripley, ed. The Black Abolitionist Papers, volume III (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991), introduction; Stanley Harrold, The Rise of Aggressive Abolitionism: Addresses to the Slaves (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004); Patrick Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest; and Leslie Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery, chapters six and seven; John Ernest, Liberation Historiography: African American Writers and the Challenge of History, (UNC 2004); Harry Reed, Platform for Change. The Foundations of the Northern Free Black Community, 1775-1865 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994).
