Sarah (Sallie) Ann Hughes
Sarah (Sallie) Ann Copeland Hughes was born 1847 in Wake County, North Carolina, and died in 1916, Raleigh, North Carolina. Copeland Hughes was an African American woman whose name is well known by historians as the first woman ordained in the AME church by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner in 1885. This biography of Copeland Hughes will provide the basic facts of her life as well documented by historians and make a modest addition to what is verifiable about Copeland Hughes and her life from the archive. Careful archival work, which builds on the efforts of church historians, academic historians, and community archivists, has converged to fill in more of the story of Copeland Hughes’s life. I have offered an explanation and documentation that suggests why Copeland Hughes disappears from the archives after being routed from the AME church by her anxious fellow male laborers in the gospel in 1887.
Hughes helped build St. Stephen AME Church in Wilmington, North Carolina.
"View, St. Stephen A.M.E. Church, Wilmington, New Hanover County, North Carolina." Photo Courtesy of North Carolina State University Libraries.
Copeland Hughes was a member of a community of educated, free and free born Black women who were called to preach and teach in the Black church. The images that follow are meant to offer visual cues consistent with the information we have about Copeland Hughes, which suggest how she may have appeared. Using a concept coined by Dr. Carla Peterson, I am creating an exhibit that will engage in some “responsible speculation” while tracing Copeland Hughes life and introducing the lives, images, and work of other nineteenth century Black preaching women.
Julia Foote (1823-1901) was born a free black woman and had little formal education. Foote was a member of the AME Zion church. A powerful preacher and evangelist, Foote preached in New England, Ohio, and Maryland during the 1840s-1870s. The AME Zion resisted ordaining her as a deacon in the church until shortly before she died in 1900. Foote wrote her biography recounting her experiences and triumphs: A Brand Plucked from the Fire.
A preacher and well-known evangelist in her home state of North Carolina, Copeland Hughes received her license to preach with little fanfare. In fact, notes from the AME minutes of the Annual Conference Session November 1861, the first time she appears in the archive, describe Hughes most favorably, “religious exercises conducted by Sister Sarah Ann the Evangelist of N.C.” As an evangelist, Hughes’s preaching talent was recognized and validated. However, evangelists were not assigned to a church or given the responsibility of a congregation. Free-floating, evangelists and lay preachers were invited to serve as needed. For Copeland Hughes, this meant that men who were given charge of churches budgets congregations to which she had no access, and they had to invite her. Regardless, Copeland Hughes made a name for herself.
Amanda Berry Smith was born enslaved in Long Green, Maryland. Smith’s father purchased her and several other family members' freedom from slavery before he died. Smith became associated with the Holiness movement but remained connected to the AME church. Smith was an independent itinerant preacher and never ordained by any denomination. Through her powerful preaching, Smith traveled to India, Ireland, Scotland, England, and Africa. Smith founded an orphanage and school for Black children in Harvey, Illinois. Smith wrote her biography, An Autobiography: The Story of the Lord's Dealings with Mrs. Amanda Smith, the Colored Evangelist, published in 1893.
The Christian Recorder published a letter written by Mrs. Alice S. Felts who vehemently defended the place of women in the church. She also lauds Bishop Turner for ordaining Sarah Hughes and believes he should have received more support and blessing.
Mrs. Alice S. Felts. "WOMEN IN THE CHURCH." The Christian Recorder, 18 Feb. 1886. Accessible Archives © 2016 Accessible Archives Inc.
By 1882, Copeland Hughes was listed as a licensed preacher in the North Carolina AME conference and was given her first church in Fayetteville, North Carolina. The Fayetteville church rejected Hughes’ appointment. Reverend E.D. Roberts exchanged his church at Wilsons Mill, North Carolina for her church in Fayetteville. At Wilsons Mill, Pastor Hughes’ ministry was successful. Under her hand, the church built the foundations for a building and she laid the cornerstone of St. Stephens AME church. Hughes must have been pleased getting ready for the annual AME General Conference held in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1883. A member of the Sunday School Committee, Copeland Hughes was deliberately excluded from the discussion and given the final report to sign without including her input. Copeland Payne raised this carefully from the floor of the conference, Bishop Daniel Payne presiding. Payne recognized the question but the records do not show if he held the male preachers accountable for their mistreatment of Copeland Hughes. New preachers were expected to read an essay from the floor. Copeland Hughes explained that she was not prepared to read an essay. Bishop Payne asked Copeland Hughes to extemporize, something Copeland Hughes would have been more than capable of doing; but she demurred. It is very likely that Copeland Hughes was furious about the sexist, small-minded action of her male peers; she refused to participate. Though the majority of the AME church records note Hughes Copeland as, Sarah Ann Hughes, Copeland Hughes signed her name, Sallie Ann Hughes.
Mrs. Juliann Jane Tillman was a Black preaching woman contemporary of Bishop Richard Allen. Tillman was never ordained by the AME church but was apparently popular enough to warrant a lithograph of her done in 1844 in Philadelphia, which was reproduced many times. Unlike Copeland Hughes, we have Tillman's image, but not her history.
Tillman’s prophetic voice impacted generations of African American women. Historians often cite Tillman when discussing nineteenth century preaching women. More interestingly, an amateur genealogist, was given a family bible, discovered in a wall of a house he was demolishing. The Bible belonged to an African American family circa the 1800s. The genealogist was able to trace some of the members of the family listed in the bible in the archives. The bible, which belonged to Mrs. Elvira Vermilya Anderson of Dayton, Ohio, has an entire copy of Mrs. Julian Jane Tillman’s newspaper article pasted in the front. See excerpt above.
William & Elizabeth Copeland to Sallie Ann Hughes
William Copeland, b. 1822, married his 2nd wife, Elizabeth McCullers, b. 1830, on Nov. 15, 1855 Wake Co., Free Persons of Color. They lived in Wake, Granville and Franklin Counties by 1870; Sallie Ann Hughes was Elizabeth's daughter, who was married to Henry Hughes of Wake County.
Copeland Hughes had been provisionally accepted at the North Carolina Conference in 1882 and called into full acceptance in the AME church in 1883 after which she received her church in Fayetteville. Just six months later, at the 1883 AME General conference in Charlotte, a woman’s rights to preach to their own congregation was voted away. Copeland was immediately forced to turn in the monies she had received to support the church and her salary. At the 1885 North Carolina Annual Conference, presided over by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner, Copeland Hughes was in attendance. Bishop Turner called Copeland Hughes and ordained her as a deacon, saying, he had, “done something that had not been done in 1,500 years—that was the ordination of a woman to the office of deacon in the church.” The glory was short-lived. The following year, at the 1887 North Carolina Conference, a motion was introduced to strike her name from the list of deacons. At the 1888 AME General Conference in Indianapolis, Copeland Hughes was de-ratified. In five short years, Copeland Hughes had been forced out of the denomination she loved, lost her church and status as a deacon then recognition as a member of the clergy. Copeland Hughes name does not appear in known AME records after 1888.
The above deed describes the property Sarah Sallie Ann purchased from her parents Sarah Sallie Ann McCullers Copeland Hughes was the same person of record noted as Sarah Ann Hughes. When or why she acquired the name Sarah versus Sallie is unknown. But, we now know when she died, what she died from, the name of her husband, the fact that they were financially independent and childfree. They both lived to ripe old ages and were business owner and property owners. The Hughes never did leave North Carolina. Nor does her husband, Henry Hughes surface in AME church records. Did Sarah join another denomination? Was she so hurt by her experiences in the AME church that she forswore organized churches altogether? Those answers are no readily discernible. But the archive, with its limitations, waits.
Copeland Hughes appeared to disappear from the archive. The first glimmer I found was in the 1900 Census for North Carolina. It lists, Sarah A. Hughes, seamstress in Raleigh. Hughes could read and write and lived with husband Henry, a barber, on Ninth Street East in Raleigh, Wake County, Ward 3, Dist. 0144. Searches conducted under Henry Hughes produced more information. Fabulous, intrepid, University of Delaware librarian Linda Stein, located the couple on 725 Worth Street, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Confirming his race, birthdate, and wife’s name and death date: Henry Hughes, birth date about 1842 in NC. He was a barber who eventually owned his own shop. His death certificate issued in 1920 says he is a widower. His wife Sarah or Sallie died between 1910 and 1920. I mention Sarah and or Sallie because his wife is listed as Sarah in one record and Sallie in another record. Census records from 1880, 1900, 1910 for Raleigh in Wake County mention a Henry Hughs (different spelling) in North Carolina in 1850. Henry is nine years old at the time the census is taken and his father is listed as father Branch Hughs. This information matches Henry Hughes’ death certificate.
